German, Japanese and Anglo-Saxon Company Systems free essay sample

A comparison of the German, Japanese and Anglo-Saxon (USA) systems of human resource management. This paper compares and contrasts the German, Japanese and Anglo Saxon (USA) management and culture. Areas that are used for comparison include national and organizational culture, the economy, organizational aims, management styles, employment practices, approaches to promotion and other businesses and institutions. Arguments as to which style is the most successful are also provided. Companies, like countries have identifiable cultures. An organizational culture is the combination of shared values and beliefs of members of organizations and is affected by the cultures of society. There are three main cultures and styles of management including Anglo-Saxon, which incorporates the Unites States and Great Britain, Japanese and German. Each culture has its preferred ways of co-coordinating and controlling. Culture influences a companys behavior, linking different jobs, rules and procedures. Organizational culture can undergo change. Schein (1992) believes that only statements can be made about elements of culture and not culture in its entirety due to the complexity of the issue. We will write a custom essay sample on German, Japanese and Anglo-Saxon Company Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

kim il sung essays

kim il sung essays Kim Il Sung was the pseudonym for Kim Song Ju. He was born on April 15, 1912, at Mangyongdae, Pyongyang, to a poor peasant family. He and his family emigrated to Manchuria in the 1920's like many Korean families did at the time. His family was a most patriotic and revolutionary one, and fought for many generations, from the beginning of the modern revolutionary movement of the Korean people for the independence of the country. He grew up receiving his revolutionary education at home, and acquiring a revolutionary outlook on the world through study and revolutionary practice. In Manchuria, he attended a Chinese school. He rallied young students around revolutionary organizations, and educated and trained them through struggles against the Japanese. He organized the Young Communist League of Korea on August 28, 1927, and was arrested and imprisoned for a year by the Chinese authorities for having done so. After his release from jail in 1930, he formed the first Party organizat ion at Kalun with young communists of the new generation whom he had trained, and it was the first organization to be the glorious origin of the Workers' Party of Korea which were formed later. Afterwards, he organized the Korean Revolutionary Army, which was the first armed organization of the Korean communists that fought against the Japanese military. In 1931, he left for the hills of eastern Manchuria to join a Chinese Communist guerrilla group fighting the Japanese military in Manchuria. On April 25, 1932, he founded the Korean People's Revolutionary Army, the first standing revolutionary armed force of the Korean people, and became its commander. Between the years 1932 to 1941, he led a band of Korean guerrillas against Japanese positions in Manchuria. It was during this time that he assumed the pseudonym Kim Il Sung, the name of a legendary resistance fighter that caused the Japanese a lot of trouble. In 1941, Japanese counterinsurgency forc...

Questions for Comparative Religions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions for Comparative Religions - Assignment Example The most significant of all the similarities is that they both trace their roots from Abraham. Moreover, they both believe in prophets and apostles as God’s massagers. Additionally, they both believe in scriptures as the main reference to what God/Allah needs of humanity. They also believe in the resurrection, as it will be the sure way of living the eternal life (Malik, 2004). Despite both believing in God, Muslims do not believe in heresy that God is in three as God the father, the Son, and Holly Spirit. Moreover, the Muslims Qu’ran, Islamic holy book, strongly rejects Jesus as God. However, they profoundly honor Him as Allah’s prophet. In addition, the Muslims and Christians disagree on death and resurrection of Jesus (Malik, 2004). Muslims do not believe that Jesus being a prophet of Allah could face such a horrific death, as the one Christians believe He did. Finally, these two religions disagree on how believers can escape God/Allah’s judgment. Muslims believe in falah, that is, positive achievement or self-support. On the other hand, ding to the Bible no one is compelling enough for God’s favors; thus, everyone shall be judged according to their deeds (Malik, 2004). It is recorded that Christianity became the most successful religion during this period. This followed numerous deaths that took place during this time (Malik, 2004). Smallpox and measles killed many people in North America, and Christianity took this opportunity to spread their beliefs and faith to the people. It is this time that Spanish catholic priests moves from Europe to North American and managed to convert many people to Catholicism. Betwixt the year 550 and 750, the Mediterranean world, Western Europe, and the Middle East transformed into three main realms including the orthodox Christianity Byzantine Empire, Latin Christendom, and the Islamic caliphate (Malik, 2004). The two former were united through Catholicism. Entirely, all these communities were politically

What Should Be Done about Child Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Should Be Done about Child Obesity - Essay Example An article was published in the Telegraph on the 6th of January 2010 titled â€Å"BREATS MILK NO BETTER FOR A BABY THAN FORMULA†. In this article, a Norwegian professor Sven Carlsen claimed that breastfed children are not healthier because they are fed naturally because they conditions in their mother’s womb tended to be better. Unfortunately, a lot of nursing mothers refer to this article to defend their use of formulas over breast milk. Today children are suffering from health conditions that were once identified as adult diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, increased the level of blood cholesterol, child obesity and sometimes increased blood pressure. Breast milk has been shown to be very beneficial for children and effective in reduction of the  child obesity and other health conditions. The child’s organism is nourished optimally with breast milk and various studies explain how breastfeeding controls child obesity. Breastfed children are able to control the amount of breast milk they take, in this regard they can regulate consumption and demand when they are hungry unlike in children fed with formula who tend to finish a bottle and this can override the child’s self-regulation of energy intake. Children fed with breast milk are more likely to adapt to varieties of nutritious food such as fruits and vegetables. These are essential to maintaining a healthy body weight throughout their lives and reduce the chances of diseases. The effects of breast-milk on hormones and metabolism are essential in the maintenance of ideal body weight because of the ideal content of insulin which helps fat storage but when children are fed with formulas they tend to store more fat because of the high level of insulin content in formulas and such children are predisposed to obesity.

Intercultural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intercultural - Essay Example It defines and shapes their society and so it is plays a key role. Ladies and gentlemen, I wish to say Russia has pleasing and often exceptional cuisine and recipes. People in Russia have their own ideas regarding what and how to eat. Russians like to consume home-cooked food, and they rarely buy ready meals at supermarkets. Allow me at this point to say something about festivals in Russia, particularly Maslenitsa. Maslenitsa is a pure Russian holiday which refers you back to the times of pagan. During this festival, kids make themselves busy by playing games while the elders cook huge stacks of pancakes. The festival also consists of snowball fights, riding on swings, masquerades, sledding, and sleigh rides. In the festival, image of Maslenitsa is also burnt to usher in spring and return of the sun. Russia is really cold especially the Northern part during winters. The average winter temperature never falls below -15 degrees Celsius. However, as you approach the south, Russian climate gets warmer. It is warm--even hot-- in the central part of Russia, which makes it promising for a worthy harvest of grain, vegetables, and fruit. Ladies and gentlemen, with that short speech, I wish to end by saying Russia has wonderful culture and a nice weather, which in a way explains Russians` ability to endure extreme hardship and harsh

Optimizing Cash Management Model With Computer Intelligence

Optimizing Cash Management Model With Computer Intelligence Alli  and M.M. Ramya Abstract In today’s technical era, the financial organizations have great challenges to optimize the cash management process. Maintaining minimum cash leads to customer frustration. At the same time, upholding excess cash is a loss to the organization. Hence, soft computing based cash management solutions are required to maintain optimal cash balance. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one such technique which plays a vital role in the fields of cognitive science and engineering. In this paper, a novel ANN-based cash Forecasting Model (ANNCFM) has been proposed to identify the cash requirement on daily, weekly and monthly basis. The six cash requirement parameters: Reference Year (RY), Month of the Year (MOY), Working Day of the Month (WDOM), Working Day of the Week (WDOW), Salary Day Effect (SDE) and Holiday Effect (HDE) were fed as input to ANNCFM. Trials were carried out for the selection of ANNCFM network parameters. It was found that number of hidden neurons, learning rate and the momentum when set to 10, 0.3 and 0.95 respectively yielded better results. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean squared error (MSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. MSE that was less than 0.01 proves the capability of the proposed ANNCFM in estimating the cash requirement. Keywords: ANN, ANNCFM , neuron, back-propagation, momentum, learning rate. Introduction: Forecasting cash demand needs to be more accurate for any financial organization including banks [1-3]. If the forecast is flawed, in addition to making financial losses to the banks, it results in customer dissatisfaction. In banking industry, an earlier cash requirement study was made using feed forward neural network with back propagation for short term data of two months [1]. Subsequently another comparative study was made for the cash anticipation using a classic time series models and artificial neural networks [2]. The daily cash requirement models for a bank were optimized with particle swarm and compared with least square method for short term data [3]. The main objective of the paper is to design, develop and test a unique supervised method to forecast the cash requirement for banks from their historic data. 1.1 ANN Background ANN is an efficient tool in understanding the complexities of real world problems in all fields of our daily life[4]. It is used as a function optimizer for linear as well as nonlinear problems in science,engineering,technology,management and finance[5-9]. Artificial neural network learning methods provides the best approach for approximating discrete,real and vector valued target functions [10-12], for complex problems, which are not possible to solve by conventional mathematical methods like analytical and numerical technique. ANN are applied in forex market prediction,portfolio optimization,decision making, metrological parameters forecasting[13-19] etc., The various ANN based approaches applied by researchers in finance field as an alternative to traditional time series model includes Financial and economic forecasting, credit authorization screening, simulation of market behavior, mortgage risk assessment, risk rating of investments and detection of regularities in security price movements [15-19]. 2.0 Design of Proposed ANNCFM Architecture: The process of designing a neural network in many fields resulted in a satisfactory performance but building a neural network forecast for a particular problem is nontrivial task. The modeling issues that affect the performance of the neural network must be selected carefully. 2.1. Selection of ANN Parameters In general, the design of multilayer ANN can have many layers where a layer represents a set of distributed parallel processing nodes. The three layered ANN network with one input, one output and one intermediate hidden layer is sufficient to approximate any complex non-linear function. In the case of forecasting studies many experimental results also confirms ANN with one hidden layer is enough to predict the required data [6-8]. The model architecture of ANNCFM is shown in the Fig1. Fig1: Architecture of ANNCFM Model The important critical decision is to determine the architecture is i) number of layers, ii) number of neurons in each layer, iii) number of arcs which interconnect with nodes , iv) activation function of hidden and output nodes, v) training algorithm, vi)data transformation or normalization, vii)training and test sets and viii)performance measures. 3.0 Design of Proposed ANN Models The proposed ANNCFM model consists of one input, one hidden and an output layer as discussed in section 2.1. In this study the data was collected from a semi–urban area bank located in India. The typical daily cash requirement for thebank for one year is shown in Fig2. Fig. 2: Typical Cash Requirement for a Year The collected data was for a period of three years (2010 to 2012) and was used for training and testing with the following input parameters: RY- Reference year: ranges between 1 to 3 as three years MOY-Month of the year: ranges from 1to 12, WDOM-Working day of the month: ranging from 1 to 27, WDOW –Working day of the week: ranging from 1 to 6, SDE- Salary day effect: ranging from 1 to 3, and HDE- Holiday and the week end effect: either 0 or 1. The fore mentioned parameters were used as six input neurons. In the hidden layer, the number of neurons were varied from 8 to 50.The output layer had one neuron that corresponds to the optimal cash requirement for a day. 3.1 Pseudocode- ANNCFM Main() { [W, V, Voj, Wok]=ANNCFMtrain( x,nip,nh,op,ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ¼,t) yk = ANNCFMtest(ts, W,V, Voj,Wok,t) [Mserr,Mape]=ANNCFMevaluate() } FunctionANNCFMtrain(x,nip,nh,op,ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ¼,t) returns network with modified weight { Repeat { For each training sample x(I,nip) //Feed forward computation //Determine the output neuron between input layer and hidden layer //Determine the output neuron between hidden layer and output layer //Compute the error signal between the output and hidden layer //Update the weights between the output(k) and Hidden(j) layer; If itr=1 then { else End if } //Update bias between the output and hidden If itr =1 then { Else End if } //Update the weights between the input(i) and Hidden(j) layer; If itr=1 then { Else End if } //Update bias between the hidden and input If itr =1 then { Else End if } } Until mse } Function ANNCFMtest(ts, W,V, Voj,Wok,t ) returns output(y) { For each testsample ts //Feed forward computation //Determine the output neuron between input layer and hidden layer //Determine the output neuron between hidden layer and output layer } ANNCFM evaluate(tk ,yk,ts) { } 4.0 Evaluation Metrics: In order to derive and evaluate the performance of the most appropriate model that fulfils our objective of optimizing the cash management, few metrics were used. The accuracy of the proposed ANNCFM is evaluated using MAPE and MSE which are defined as follows: MSE= Where Xt is the actual data at period t, Ft is the forecast at period, t, et is the forecast error at period t, while n is the number of observations. 5.0 Results and discussion: The data for a period of three years (2010-2012) was collected from City Union Bank (CUB)-ukt bank branch to simulate the network using MATLAB .For the proposed study the total number of data for the three years is 879, in which the first two and half years, 737 data were used for training(80%) and the remaining six months 142 data sets (20%) were used for testing. Studies found that input data normalization with certain criteria, prior to training process, is crucial to obtain good results, as well as to fasten significantly the calculations [J.Sola J. Sevilla]. Hence the input data was normalized before training. In ANNCFM, 15 runs were made by varying the number of hidden neurons from 10 to 50 using gradient descent with momentum back-propagation (traingdm) for the default training parameters learning rate =0.01, momentum=0.95, Goal=0, and number of iterations as 6000, are illustrated in table 1-column2. The convergence of ANNCFM is influenced by number of hidden neurons in which by varying the number of hidden neurons between 10 through 50. The error was minimal when the number of hidden neurons was set to 10, 20, 40, 45 and 50, by achieving a MSE of 0.0079 as observed from column 3 of table 1. As the number of hidden neurons increase, there is a significant increase in the computational time. Hence the number of hidden neurons in the proposed study was fixed as 10. The pictorial representation for the optimal hidden neuron against its MSE are shown in Fig. 3. Fig.3: Optimal Number of hidden neurons. The learning rate ‘lr’ arrives at a local optimum for the higher learning rate and global optimum for slow learning process. Different trials were made to identify the optimal learning rate to avoid the unstable condition and fluctuations in the results. Learning rate was varied between 0.1 through 0.5 in which 0.3 yielded an optimal learning rate for the given data set, as shown in Fig-4. Fig 4: Optimal learning rate The momentum plays a vital role in identifying the convergence point. Momentum, when set too low, it may get stuck into local minima, and if it is too high, network will become unstable. So there is a need to identify the optimal momentum value for ANNCFM, various momentum values were tested between 0.8 and 1.0, the trained results shows that the optimal momentum value was 0.95 are shown in the Fig-5 Fig 5: Optimal Momentum rate In the ANNCFM model to train and test the cash requirement for a day, week, month the following parameters values are selected based on their performance from the different number of runs made above: i) the number of input neurons=6, ii) maximum number of iteration=6000, iii) learning rate= 0.3, iv) momentum=0.95, v) transfer function=tansig/tansig (hidden and output layer). The optimal selection of the above parameters helped in improving the performance, by minimizing the error rate. This is evident from Table 1, that shows the MSE achieved before and after parameter selection. Table1: ANNCFM performance for different number of hidden neurons The ANNCFM was used to estimate daily, weekly and monthly cash requirement. The estimated values were compared with the actual values for the testing period are shown in Fig.6a,b,c.for the daily ,weekly and monthly prediction. The obtained results shows the ANNCFM was found to perform reasonably good for all the three models .The weights calculated by our ANNCFM was found to be sufficient for cash prediction in which RY,MOY,WDOM, WDOW are essential parameters, and SDE,HDE are additional parameters .The connection weight approach was used to quantify the importance of input variable [20]. The preference of the input parameters were found based on the weights obtained was evident from Table 2, column-4. Table 2: ANNCFM Weights-Preferences. The input parameters SDE and HDE plays a vital role in daily and weekly model as it was observed from the above table it effectively takes care the need of peak cash requirement at the beginning of every month and during holiday periods. The role of SDE in the weekly cash prediction could be easily understood for the weeks like 1,5,14, where the cash requirement is maximum since the beginning of the month lies within the week. However for the 9th and 10th as well as for the 18th and 19th week cash requirement shows the new month starts between the weeks. The monthly model was plotted for six months as shown in Fig.6c in which the experimental results shows that the estimated values were most influenced by WDOM .The cash required and predicted was minimum for the fourth month in which WDOM was minimum. The MAPE and MSE for ANNCFM are shown in Table 3 . Fig.6-a: ANNCFM –Daily Model Fig.6-b: ANNCFM –Weekly Model Fig .6-c : ANNCFM –Monthly Model Table 3 : MAPE and MSE errors for ANNCFM The comparison made between the actual and forecast data shown from the figures indicates that the six input variables selected in our model is sufficient to identify the cash need which is changing from time to time. 6.0 Conclusion: The observations from the experimental results of this study shows that ANNCFM is a useful tool to predict the cash requirement in emerging banking sector. ANNCFM using feed forward neural network training with back-propagation algorithm optimize the needs of cash on daily, weekly and monthly basis. In the implementation process the data set used for the years between 2010 and 2012 were trained and tested to measure the performance. The input parameters were initialized and different runs were made for the proposed model to find out the optimal number of hidden neurons as 10, momentum as 0.95 and learning rate as 0.3 to train and test the network using sigmoid transfer function. The estimated results were with minimal error for the better performance with an accuracy of 91.23%. References. Fraydoon Rahnama Roodposhti , FarshadHeybati and Seyed Reza Musavi, â€Å"A comparison of classic time series models and artificial neural networks in anticipation of cash requirements of banks: A case study in Iran â€Å", Academic and Business Research Institute International Conference, Orlando, USA, 2010. PremChand Kumar and EktaWalia , â€Å"Cash Forecasting: An Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Finance†, International Journal of Computer Science Applications , Vol. 3, No. 1, pages. 61-77, 2006. Alli A, Ramya M M, Srinivasa Kumar V, â€Å"Cash Management Using Particle Swarm Optimization†, International conference of Data Mining and Soft Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India, 2013. Haykin, Simon, â€Å"Neural Networks†: A Comprehensive Foundation. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York,1994. Nakamura, Emi, Inflation forecasting using a neural network. Economics Letters, Volume 86(3), pages 373-378, 2006. Refenes, A.P. and H. White , Neural Networks and Financial Economics, International Journal of Forecasting, Volume 6(17),1998. F. Aminian, E. Suarez, M. Aminian and D. Walz, Forecasting economic data with neural networks, Computational Economics 28, pages. 71–88,2006. A. Hanna, D. Ural and G. Saygili, Evaluation of liquefaction potential of soil deposits using artificial neural networks, Engineering Computations 24 , pages. 5–16,2007 W. Gorr, D. Nagin and J. Szczypula, Comparative study of artificial neural network and statistical models for predicting student point averages, International Journal of Forecasting 10, pages. 17–34,1994 Zhang, G., Patuwo, B. E., and Hu, M. Y. Forecasting with artificial neural networks: The state of the art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14:35.62,1998. Z. W. Geem and W. E. Roper, â€Å"Energy demand estimation ofSouth Korea using artificial neural network,† Energy Policy, vol.37, no. 10, pages. 4049–4054, 2009. R. Yokoyama, T. Wakui, and R. Satake, â€Å"Prediction of energy demands using neural network with model identification byglobal optimization,† Energy Conversion and Management, vol.50, no. 2, pages. 319–327, 2009. Bishop, C. Bishop, Neural networks for pattern recognition, Oxford University Press, New York ,1999. H. Taubenbà ¶ck, T. Esch, M. Wurm, A. Roth and S. Dech, Object-based feature extraction using high spatial resolution satellite data of urban areas, Journal of Spatial Science, Volume 55, Issue 1, pages 117-132,2010. P. Tenti, â€Å"Forecasting Foreign Exchange Rates Using Recurrent Neural Networks,† Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 10, pages 567-581, 1996. W. Leigh, R. Hightower and N. Modani, Forecasting the New York stock exchange composite index with past price and interest rate on condition of volume spike, Expert Systems with Applications , pages. 1–8,2005. Manfred Steiner and Hans-Georg Wittkemper, Portfolio optimization with a neural network implementation of the coherent market hypothesis, 1997, Volume 100, Issue 1, Pages 27–40, July 1997. M. Carolin Mabel and E. Fernandez, Analysis of wind power generation and prediction using ANN: A case study, Volume 33, Issue 5, Pages 986–992,May 2008, Sharda, R. and Delen, D. Predicting Box-office Success of Motion Pictures With Neural Networks. ExpertSystems with Applications 30, pages 243–254, 2006. Julian D.Olden, Michael K.Joy, Russell G.Death, An accurate comparison of methods for quantifying variable importance in artificial neural network using simulated data,2004.

Correlations between Biology and Male Homosexuality Essay -- Science S

Correlations Between Biology and Male Homosexuality Homosexuality, one of the many different sexual behaviors exhibited by humankind, has been rejected, persecuted, and denied. Are the studies that attempt to find causation moral? Is this search for the "why" of homosexuality a continuation of the heterosexist assumption that heterosexuality is normal and homosexuality abnormal? Are assumptions being made that homosexuality is a disease and should therefore be treated medically? Is the research currently being done heterosexist? Studies that are being performed currently and those done in the recent past have shown that there are strong connections between male homosexuality and biology. By presenting the scientifically significant studies that I have come across, I intend to reduce the ignorance surrounding homosexuality and the behaviors often found with it, and to show some of the correlations between biology and male homosexuality. Throughout my research of homosexuality, I wavered back and forth, debating the morality of this search for a cause. It seemed that finding a cause for homosexuality was somewhat akin to finding the cause for a disease. Unhappy with the association of homosexuality with abnormality, I wondered why scientists were allowed to place homosexuals at such a level. On one hand, with biology backing up gay men and women, the fight for equality and basic human rights could be won more quickly. Although science and society have progressed significantly since the days of Nazi Germany, when homosexuality was thought to come about through "seduction and mind-traps," critics of the current scientific curiosity with homosexuality consider every study and experiment an effort to strengthen the argument tha... ...ce of linkage to micro satellite markers on the X-Chromosome in a Canadian study," poster presentation at the International Academy of Sex Research, Provincetown, MA, 1995 Slimp, J. C., B.L. Hart, and R.W. Goy, "Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior among adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions," Brain Research 142:105-122 (1978). Soulairac, A. and M. L. Soulairac, "Effets de là ©sions hypothalamiques sur le comportement sexuel et le tractus gà ©nital du rat male," Annales d'Endocrinologie (Paris) 17:731-745 (1956). Stein, Edward. The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Whitman, F.L., M. Diamond, and J. Marin, "Homosexual orientation in twins: A report on 61 pairs and three triplet sets," Archives of Sexual Behavior 22:187-206 (1993).

As a firm grows the lines of communication are often stretched Essay

As a firm grows the lines of communication are often stretched. To overcome this meetings could be set up to keep people informed. The company’s span of control could be re-emphasised so that workers know whom to report to and who to inform of their orders. A clear structure and hierarchical pyramid will reduce arguments in the short term. Team building exercises are a modern way of improving morale, team spirit and efficiency. They are a long-term measure to keep all managers striving for the same aims and goals for the company as a team. I have been assigned by the company Koka Kola to sort out the problem they have where a new base 50 miles outside of there London head quarters has been built. The problem is the communication between the two bases; I need to find the best way to communicate between the two bases. Business Objectives The Business has objectives it must achieve; the businesses main objective is to set up a new communications system between the London Head Office and the newly built Production Site. The problem with this is that it may clash with another objective, Profit. If the company is to spend money on a new communications system it must make sure that the money spent on the system, staff, marketing etc, does not overshadow the money made by sales and other sources of profit. This, although a big problem could have benefits in the long term. If the money spent on setting up the Communications System is more than the profit made that month. In the months after when the System is set up, the benefits in profit as a result of the it being set up could be far greater than that in past months before it was made and so in the future could eventually be bigger than the amount paid on the Communications System and maybe even the Production Site. This concludes that although the short-term objectives maybe conflicted, the long term must be waited upon in order to reap the benefits. Communication: Communication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Once the target receives the information it is acted upon and feedback is sent to the original sender. An example of communication in business might be a company producing cars. The message might be an advertisement on television telling customers about a new car. The target will be the segment of the market interested in buying a car. The feedback will be the level of sales when the magazine first goes on sale. Communications are important in a business because it keeps the company working on the right track. For example if a marketing director who never asked the customers what they wanted in a product made a set up an advertising scheme on television, the advertisement would be based on the directors interests rather than the views of the customers. The customers wouldn’t be interested and would turn a blind eye. The problem with the business I have been appointed to is that the business is splitting into two bases amongst which people will work who would normally communicate with each other. I have organised an interview with a worker from a local business to find out what methods of communication they use: 1) How many methods of communication do you use in your business?

SLAVERY IN NARRATIVEOF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS essays

SLAVERY IN NARRATIVEOF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS essays It is well known that all American countries have been colonized. Some were colonized as settlement colonies but great majority was colonized as exploration colonies. The exploration was a very important fact that affected, for example, not only the social development of the exploited human being since the native habitants and/or the slaves that had to work under really bad circumstances and conditions were not treated as human beings but also the masters that had to fight with the conflict of ideas. All kinds of mistreatments and suffers can be seen in the text of Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was himself a slave and passed through all kinds of mistreatments the slaves used to pass. In his Narrative it is possible to see that slaves did not have any right although they were the ones who worked, being responsible for the enrichment of their master, consequently for the country. Slaves could not celebrate their birthday since they did not know the exact day in which they had born and they had no birth certificate: I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs. It means that they had the same rights as animals not as human beings. Besides, the slaves could not ask anything for their master: I was not allowed to make any inquiries of my master concerning it. This fact reinforces ignorance and robs from children their natural sense of individual identity. Another common aspect concerned masters and slaves is that master abused of slave women and their children were also treat as slaves: My father was a white man....The opinion was also whispered that my master was my father... ; ...that children of slave women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mothers,... and if the relation bet...

Free sample - Mexico drug war and US border patrol security. translation missing

Mexico drug war and US border patrol security. Mexico drug war and US border patrol securityAbstract The Mexico drug war and U.S border patrol security is today known to be the most influential conflict that has ever occurred. In the U.S- Mexico border, several incidences have taken place including the sending of bullets whizzling across the Rio Grande region, which borders the two countries. For a long time, the authorities did not care because they were sure that they were going to win the battle. The facts behind the war actually are that it sends many fears to the public because it left many dead (Archibold 238). When the security was intensified in this region, bullets could be heard from El Paso, which caused violence further in Mexico and Juarez and making this region to be the most feared. Today, the American police can boast of their success in bringing peace in this region, because it was thought to be the most dangerous war, which influenced several communities living in the region. Several issues were considered before security was improved in this region. As Sheriff, Ri chard puts: ‘Guns will never be a solution to the war, but peace comes through talks.’ This was the beginning of the reconciliation process between the countries (Marina 62). Introduction The recently US beef up security on its border with Mexico has threatened their diplomatic relations. Historically, Mexico has for a long time been used as safe passage for narcotics, illegal immigrants, and smuggled commodities predestined for the U.S. market originating from South, Central America, and elsewhere in the world (Marina 62). Commonly reported in the 1980s to early ‘90s, Colombian drug barons were the main traffickers of cocaine and other illegal drugs into the U.S. When American anti-narcotic authorities intensified the Caribbean and South Florida, the Colombian organizations collaborated with the Mexican drug accomplices to transit cocaine to the U.S through Mexico. Mexico, having been a major origin of heroin and cannabis, the partnership was accomplished with minimal difficulty since Mexico had already an operational drug infrastructure capable of serving the Colombian traffickers as well (Coyle 68).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The robust growth of the illegal trade went on until after mid 1980s when Mexican and Columbian trackers got into loggerheads. This misunderstanding arose from disagreement over sharing of benefits and over who-does-what in trafficking systems. With the passage of time, several drug cartels from Mexico were vanishing from the system as new one emerged (Warner 81). This was a result of deaths, arrest, or withdrawal of cartel leader from the trade creating power vacuums. These vacuums offered great opportunities for anti-drug law enforcement agencies in the U.S and Mexico to combat the trade. Mexican cartels would often bribe Mexican police to take action one another or disclosing to the US officials the secret operations of the rival cartels. This escalated into violence. The war among the rival cartels began to cool down since shortly before 1990 after the arrest of the Mexican drug baron, Gallardo Miguel (Marina 62). Through the 1990s, there was a quiet period until 2000 when the ca rtels resumed into violence (Warner 81).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paradigm can be termed as concepts used in looking for a solution on something. In this case, we are going to use three paradigms namely deterrent theory, collective security, and collective defense. Deterrent theory: this is seen as a case where one party convinces the other that a particular incidence will bring a problem that will not benefit either of the countries. Rather than just looking at its cost, this method is useful in solving many problems. This particular method attempts to identify who will prevent what using which method (Archibold 341). This method is obviously accompanied by a few assumptions. The parties involved assume that are taking part in ensuring that this method is working. In the case of the United States, they should come on board with the Mexico and know that, given that the two countries stand to lose either way, one country should be given mandate to look on these matters of drug trafficking within the borders. Collective security: this method was used during the world war by the then international community league of nation. This particular method goes to heightened degrees in that, countries join hands and decide to settle the existing row in a peaceful manner. The countries are brought together on a neutral ground and agree not to use force in ensuring the problem at hand is solved (Coyle 68). An organization is created to ensure that, those who attempt to frustrate efforts are curbed as this can frustrate efforts of solving the problem in question and bring war. In this case, of United States and Mexico, the two countries have been pointing fingers and none is accepting to accept the blame. Recently, a fifteen-year-old Mexican was shot dead by the United States border patrol while trying to gain entry in the country carrying some drugs. This has in return brought many problems and exchange of words has ensued. Collective security can be used in ensuring peace is realized (Archibold 341) . Collective defense: this is where countries agree that if any of them is affected so is the other. They also agree that, if any problem arises they will help one another in solving it. If by any chance, one country cannot handle the problem alone the other can come to its rescue. They should make use of the armed forces at all times for defense. In the same breath, the United States border patrol should enter into such agreement with Mexican patrol security. Any time drugs enter in either of the two countries, the other party should take it with a lot of seriousness just as if it is her who is being affected (Coyle 68). Discussion The United States border patrol is a department that ensures laws are strictly observed when admitting individuals who are not citizens of the United States. This department has the highest number of officers charged with the responsibility of enforcing law. However, drug dealers’ from neighboring country Mexico have recently threatened the good work that is being done by this department. The Mexican security argue that, the little money that is paid to go through the bridge to get to Texas is to blame for the increase in drugs and arms in these countries. Another factor as seen is the leniency within the borders. The extent at which this shoddy business is taking place is alarming. Studies indicate that, over 90% of the firearms that are used in Mexico have their source in the United States (Archibold 341). Mexico and the United States have left no stone unturned in ensuring that trade between the two countries is going on without any hitches. However, drug traffickers have threatened the mutual benefits that have been there between the two countries. This has been on the rise since president Felipe took the office. This week the patrol officers because of the same menace shot a Mexican youth. The Mexican drug war is a term that has been used to refer to the armed fighting among the cartels who want to take control over some regions, and conflict between the drug cartels with the Mexican government whose objective is to reduce drug trafficking. The drug trafficking organizations have formed very powerful alliances despite existing for just few years. The drug market in the U.S and Mexico are now dominated by the Mexican cartels. Apprehensions of the main culprits behind the cartels have led to escalated violence, as the players behind each cartel rival for routes into the United States (Coyle 68). Statistically, Mexico has been identified as one of the leading drug producing and tracking country. It is the main distributor of cannabis (methamphetamine) to the U.S. (Archibold 341). Recommendation Beginning in 2005, a strategy which was meant to end the war in the US and Mexico border was established. The strategy, which was dubbed in America as a national strategy, would be able to set the goals, which would govern the behavior of the people living within the affected zone. The strategy was built in five strategies, which include developing ways of combating terrorism and banning of illegal firearms, which get into the region. Through this, it was foreseen that the border will remain calm and that none of the individuals will live in fears again. Another objective of the strategy would be to discourage entry, which were illegal in the US by developing a procedure, which would improve the enforcement of the police. The strategy was also established in a bid to apprehending, detecting, and getting rid of drugs, human smugglers and other sources of crimes, which had become rampant in the region (Marina 62). This process was geared at ensuring that individuals will be free of guilt and abrupt chaos, which arose any time in the region. Through the strategy, a smart border technology would be created. This involved coming up with a very systematic method of combating crime and illegal transactions in the region. In it involved the use of technological tools to conduct a serious scrutiny of individuals in the area and thoroughly search for any illegal entry of guns and other matter in the US and Mexico (Coyle 68). The strategy also stipulated a method, which would improve the general live of individuals in the region and reduce the crime that had so long been felt in the region. This was in line with the strategy of expanding the territories so that Mexico and the US could be satisfied with the boarders. In 2007, specialized groups were also formed, which would see to it that the peace was also improved in the region. Some of these groups included the National Special Response Team, the Air Mobile Unit, the Border Patrol Tactical Unit and the Search, Border Patrol, Rescue and Trauma. Conclusion The Mexico drug war and U.S. border patrol security is an issue to recon. More than 7,000 people were left dead in 2008, and others especially in Juarez and Sinola began to battle for boundaries in the Mexican authorities. Their aim was to gain access to most of the cities, which were owned by the Mexicans. Through the creation of smuggling routes and creation of authorities, more than 30,000 people from the United States gained access to the Mexican region and more than 38,000 others have been killed since Calderon, the Felipe president introduced the offensive against the cartels when he took office in 2006. Today, most communities in the US are secured from further attacks, which occur just accords the river (Warner 81). By looking at this war and discussing it basing on the IR paradigms, it can be seen that the war in Mexico and US border was much more than psychological but also influenced the social lives of people living in these regions. It is evident that war is a subject of social torture, a phenomenon which is common in the region between the US and Mexico. References: Archibold, C. Government issues waiver for fencing along border. New York, NY:   New York Times. 2008   (2) 234-342 Coyle, MWaivers for border fence challenged: Environmental groups take their complaints to   Supreme Court. The Recorder.   2008 (2) 65-73 Kanterly, D.   Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress. DIANE Publishing. 1999 (1) 54-73 Marina Caparini.   Borders and security governance: managing borders in a globalised world.   London: LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster. 2006 (4) 2-76 Tony Payan.   The three U.S.-Mexico border wars: drugs, immigration, and Homeland Security Greenwood Publishing Group,   2006 (3) 54-63 Warner, J. U.S. Border Security: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues, ABC-CLIO,   2010:  Ã‚   54-83

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